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Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias

Received: 10 September 2020     Accepted: 5 October 2020     Published: 4 March 2021
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Abstract

Hypospadias is a very common congenital anomaly in which the urethra opens onto the ventral aspect of the penis rather than at the tip. It has an incidence of less than 1% of live male births. In humans, anogenital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic measure of genital development. In this study, we intended to examine the association between AGD and hypospadias using a homogenous group of patients. The same investigator examined all male newborns in our hospital, and anthropometric measurements of the anogenital distance were recorded. All the measurements were made in millimeters (mm) with a sliding digital caliper (graduated in millimeters) used for measuring the distance between the base of the scrotum to the center of the anus; defined as AGD. During the period Jan 2015 to December 2019 (both inclusive), there were 28,426 (14,615 males and 13,811 females) full-term live births in our hospital. The gestational age of the newborns ranged from 37 to 42 weeks. The mean AGD was 21.06±5.57 (range 12.11 to 33.14) mm in newborns without hypospadias, 9.92±1.90 (range 8.0 – 13.9) in newborns with proximal hypospadias and 17.03±1.95 (range 14.0 to 19.9) mm with distal hypospadias. In humans, hypospadias is associated with reduced anogenital distance. AGD further decreases with the severity of hypospadias.

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15
Page(s) 19-22
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Anogenital Distance, Hypospadias, Newborns

References
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[2] Baskin LS. Hypospadias and urethral development. J Urol. 2000; 163: 951-56.
[3] Yucel S, Dravis C, Garcia N, Henkemeyer M, Baker LA. Hypospadias and anorectal malformations mediated by defective Eph/ephrin signaling. Journal of pediatric urology. 2007; 3 (5): 354-63.
[4] Holmes N, Miller W, Baskin L. Lack of defects in androgen production in children with hypospadias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2811–2816.
[5] McIntyre BS, Barlow NJ, Foster PM. Androgen-mediated development in male rat offspring exposed to flutamide in utero: permanence and correlation of early postnatal changes in anogenital distance and nipple retention with malformations in androgen-dependent tissues. Toxicol Sci 2001; 62: 236–249.
[6] Bowman CJ, Barlow NJ, Turner KJ, Wallace DJ, Foster PM. Effects of in utero exposure to finasteride on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male rat. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74: 393–406.
[7] Nerli RB, Ghagane SC, Hiremath MB, Dixit NS, Neelagund S. Anogenital distance in males attending assisted reproduction center. Journal of the Scientific Society. 2018; 45 (2): 72.
[8] Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36: E1–E150.
[9] Papadopoulou E, Vafeiadi M, Agramunt S, et al. Anogenital distances in newborns and children from Spain and Greece: predictors, tracking and reliability. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013; 27: 89–99.
[10] Sathyanarayana S, Grady R, Redmon JB, et al. Anogenital distance and penile width measurements in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES): methods and predictors. J Pediatr Urol 2015; 11: 76 e71–76.
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[14] van den Driesche S, Scott HM, MacLeod DJ, Fisken M, Walker M, Sharpe RM. Relative importance of prenatal and postnatal androgen action in determining growth of the penis and anogenital distance in the rat before, during and after puberty. Int J Androl 2011; 34: e578–e586.
[15] Thankamony A, Ong KK, Dunger DB, et al. Anogenital distance from birth to 2 years: a population study. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117: 1786-90.
[16] Orish C, Didia B. Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: A look at a cross section of a Nigerian population. Internet J Biol Anthropol. 2008; 3 (2): e1-4.
[17] Salazar-Martinez E, Romano-Riquer P, Yanez-Marquez E, et al. Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2004; 3: 8.
[18] Ozkan B, Konak B, Cayir A, et al. Anogenital Distance in Turkish Newborns. J Clin Res Ped Endo 2011; 3 (3): 122-125.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Shashank Patil, Shridhar Ghagane, Manas Sharma, Nerli Rajendra, Nitin Pingale, et al. (2021). Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias. American Journal of Pediatrics, 7(1), 19-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15

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    ACS Style

    Shashank Patil; Shridhar Ghagane; Manas Sharma; Nerli Rajendra; Nitin Pingale, et al. Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias. Am. J. Pediatr. 2021, 7(1), 19-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15

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    AMA Style

    Shashank Patil, Shridhar Ghagane, Manas Sharma, Nerli Rajendra, Nitin Pingale, et al. Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias. Am J Pediatr. 2021;7(1):19-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15,
      author = {Shashank Patil and Shridhar Ghagane and Manas Sharma and Nerli Rajendra and Nitin Pingale and Pulkit Gupta},
      title = {Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {7},
      number = {1},
      pages = {19-22},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20210701.15},
      abstract = {Hypospadias is a very common congenital anomaly in which the urethra opens onto the ventral aspect of the penis rather than at the tip. It has an incidence of less than 1% of live male births. In humans, anogenital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic measure of genital development. In this study, we intended to examine the association between AGD and hypospadias using a homogenous group of patients. The same investigator examined all male newborns in our hospital, and anthropometric measurements of the anogenital distance were recorded. All the measurements were made in millimeters (mm) with a sliding digital caliper (graduated in millimeters) used for measuring the distance between the base of the scrotum to the center of the anus; defined as AGD. During the period Jan 2015 to December 2019 (both inclusive), there were 28,426 (14,615 males and 13,811 females) full-term live births in our hospital. The gestational age of the newborns ranged from 37 to 42 weeks. The mean AGD was 21.06±5.57 (range 12.11 to 33.14) mm in newborns without hypospadias, 9.92±1.90 (range 8.0 – 13.9) in newborns with proximal hypospadias and 17.03±1.95 (range 14.0 to 19.9) mm with distal hypospadias. In humans, hypospadias is associated with reduced anogenital distance. AGD further decreases with the severity of hypospadias.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Anogenital Distance in Newborns with Hypospadias
    AU  - Shashank Patil
    AU  - Shridhar Ghagane
    AU  - Manas Sharma
    AU  - Nerli Rajendra
    AU  - Nitin Pingale
    AU  - Pulkit Gupta
    Y1  - 2021/03/04
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    SP  - 19
    EP  - 22
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20210701.15
    AB  - Hypospadias is a very common congenital anomaly in which the urethra opens onto the ventral aspect of the penis rather than at the tip. It has an incidence of less than 1% of live male births. In humans, anogenital distance (AGD) is a sexually dimorphic measure of genital development. In this study, we intended to examine the association between AGD and hypospadias using a homogenous group of patients. The same investigator examined all male newborns in our hospital, and anthropometric measurements of the anogenital distance were recorded. All the measurements were made in millimeters (mm) with a sliding digital caliper (graduated in millimeters) used for measuring the distance between the base of the scrotum to the center of the anus; defined as AGD. During the period Jan 2015 to December 2019 (both inclusive), there were 28,426 (14,615 males and 13,811 females) full-term live births in our hospital. The gestational age of the newborns ranged from 37 to 42 weeks. The mean AGD was 21.06±5.57 (range 12.11 to 33.14) mm in newborns without hypospadias, 9.92±1.90 (range 8.0 – 13.9) in newborns with proximal hypospadias and 17.03±1.95 (range 14.0 to 19.9) mm with distal hypospadias. In humans, hypospadias is associated with reduced anogenital distance. AGD further decreases with the severity of hypospadias.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Urology, JN Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, JNMC Campus, Belagavi, India

  • Urinary Biomarkers Research Centre, Department of Urology, KLES Kidney Foundation, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, India

  • Department of Urology, JN Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, JNMC Campus, Belagavi, India

  • Department of Urology, JN Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, JNMC Campus, Belagavi, India

  • Department of Urology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pune, Maharashtra, India

  • Department of Urology, JN Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, JNMC Campus, Belagavi, India

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